Microsoft insist the Kelihos botnet is dead despite reports last week suggesting otherwise; but the company acknowledged that a new botnet is being assembled using a variant of the original malware.
The reappearance of a Kelihos-like army of hijacked computers shows just how difficult it is to eradicate a botnet, security experts said yesterday.
“It’s not possible in most cases,” said Roel Schouwenberg, a senior researcher with Moscow-based antivirus company Kaspersky Lab. “What you’re going for is disruption more than anything.”
Liam O Murchu, manager of operations at Symantec’s security response team, agreed and said that there was only one way to insure a botnet’s death.
“If you get to the people behind it through arrests and convictions, that will be the most successful,” said O Murchu. “But international borders and the lack of cross-country cooperation makes that a difficult road to go down.”
New Kelihos malware
Kelihos was taken offline last September when Microsoft, using a federal court order, led efforts to shut down domains used by the command-and-control (CC), severing links between the compromised computers and their order-giving master. Microsoft identified the alleged botmaster as a Russian programmer, Andrey Sabelnikov, in an amended complaint last week.
Sabelnikov, who worked for a pair of security companies from 2005 to late 2011, has proclaimed his innocence .
Talk of a Kelihos resurrection was sparked last week by Kaspersky, which said it had found signs of new malware built on the Kelihos code. The implication was that Kelihos had returned from the dead and was again spamming users.
Not so, said Richard Boscovich, a senior attorney in Microsoft’s Microsoft digital crimes unit.
“Kaspersky has reported no loss of control of the Kelihos peer-to-peer operations and Microsoft researchers have confirmed this week that the original Kelihos CC and backup infrastructure remains down, but it appears a new botnet infrastructure may be being built with the new variant of Kelihos malware,” Boscovich said at the start of the year .
Kaspersky confirmed that yesterday.
Disruptive strategies
“The botnet we took down is still under control and infected machines are not receiving commands from the CC centre, so they are not sending spam,” said Alex Gostev, chief security expert at Kaspersky. “But new samples which are monitored by us continue to get orders from spammers and send spam so far. It means that we are dealing with another botnet.”
The appearance of that new botnet illustrates the difficulty researchers, software vendors and authorities have in exterminating a botnet, something that Boscovich, who cited several takedown successes, acknowledged.
“Taking down a single threat has never been Microsoft’s ultimate goal in our fight against botnets,” said Boscovich. “Rather, we hope to transform the fight against cybercrime by developing, testing and advancing impactful and disruptive strategies. This is a long-term effort.”
New botnets based on old-and-offline predecessors are not unusual: As Boscovich noted, the original Kelihos was probably developed using code for Waledac, a botnet that Microsoft and others brought down two years ago.
“We don’t see who is behind each botnet, what we see is an evolution,” said O Murchu. “A botnet brought down in some way may disappear for some months, but then reappear. In many cases, it’s unclear if it’s the same group or they sold their code to others to modify.”
Waledac and Koobface
The struggle to eliminate a botnet has analogies in the non-digital world, said Schouwenberg. “It’s like a big drug arrest where hundreds of kilos of cocaine are seized,” he said. “It’s damaging to the criminals, but it doesn’t put them out of business.”
The ideal solution is to find, arrest and prosecute botnet makers and operators, both Schouwenberg and O Murchu said. But that’s not easy.
“It’s a frustrating task,” said O Murchu. “Researchers often know who is behind a botnet, but to get action taken can take an incredibly long time. That’s incredibly frustrating.”
Schouwenberg and O Murchu each cited as an example the claim last month that several Russian hackers were responsible for the Koobface botnet. The five men identified by security experts as the brains behind the botnet have yet to be arrested or charged.
But the experts believed that takedowns are worthwhile, even if those efforts aren’t completely effective.
“If the fear of being caught isn’t applicable, then the best thing we can do is hit the ‘reset’ button for the bad guys, and make them start over with a new botnet,” said Schouwenberg.
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